Brief History of Al
Development of Al During (1943 - 55)
McCulloch and Walter Pitts has first started the work on AI. They worked on three things
- Fundamental knowledge of physiology
- Function of neurons in the brain
- Formal analysis of propositional logic
Donald Hebb introduced a rule known as Hebbian learning rule for updating the connection strengths between neurons so as to Perform learning.
In 1951, Minsky and Edmonds first developed the neural network computer named SNARC.
Alan Turning was one of the first to articulate the complete vision of Al. He then developed machine learning. Turing test and reinforcement learning.
Birth of Artificial Intelligence During 1956
- After completing his graduation, McCarthy shifted to Dartmouth college which is considered as as the birth Place. of AI. He requested Shannon, Minsky and Rochester to bring researchers who are interested in neural nets, artificial intelligence and automata theory.
- Newell and Simon developed a reasoning program named “logic theorist”, which can think non numerically and can give solution to the venerable mind boy problem.
Great Expectations of Al During 1958 to 1969
- Allen Newell and Simon has developed the General Problem Solver(GPS). GPS program represents the “thinking humanly” method.
- Newell and Simon also established “physical symbol system” as a result of GPS success.
- In 1958, McCarthy. shifted to MIT and made three contributions.
-Developed a high level language called LISP.
-Published a paper called 'programs with common sense'.
-Invented time sharing in MIT.
Knowledge Based System During 1969 to 1979
- In 1969, the first successful knowledge intensive system called Dendral program was developed at Stanford.
- Feigenbaum, Buchanan and Edward introduced MYCIN to cure blood infections.
- A huge number of reasoning languages like logic, frames etc., were developed.
- Roger Schank developed programs with an intent of understanding natural language.
Al Transformed as an Industry During 1980's :
- The operation of first commercial expert system named R1 started at Digital Equipment Corporation.
- In 1981, Japanese claimed the 'fifth generation project'. The duration of the project was 10 years and the intent was to establish intelligent computers executing prolog language.
- Hence, the AI industry improved from few million dollars to billions of dollars.
The Re-entry of neural Networks
- David Rumelhart and Geoff Hinton proceeded with the study of neural net model.
- In 1969, Bryson and Ho first established back propagation learning algorithm.
Al Transformed as Sclence During 1987
- Methods that support Hidden Markov Models(HMMs) are introduced to dominate the field of speech recognition,
- In 1980's, much of the work on neural networks was carried out in order to distinguish neural networks from traditional techniques.
- 'Belief network' formalism was introduced to represent rigorous reasoning with uncertain knowledge.
- Judea Pearl, Eric Horvitz and David Heckerman have popularized the idea of “normative expert systems”.
Emergence of Intelligent Agents During 1995
- Whole agent problem
How do an agent, embedded in real environments, behave when continuous sensory inputs are provided.
- Internet is the crucial environment for intelligent agents.
- AI technologies support internet tools like search engines, recommended systems and so on.
- In 1997, Deep Blue beats the World Chess Champion Kasparov
- In 2002, iRobot, founded by researchers at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, introduced Roomba, a vacuum cleaning robot. By 2006, two million had been sold.
